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The Battle of Antietam Creek - 600 Words

The Battle of Antietam Creek The Battle of Antietam Creek was a very bloody and important battle in the Civil war. The battle was fought by two different armies within the Union and the Confederacy, The Army of the Potomac (Union) and The Army of Northern Virginia (Confederate). Antietam Creek is located just to the east of the Potomac River in Maryland. The battle was fought on a hill just above the west bank of Antietam Creek. The Army of the Potomac, who was on the offensive, was pushing towards the river. The Army of Northern Virginia, who was on the defensive, was on the bank defending themselves from what is often referred to as â€Å"a sea of blue.† The men who fought in the battle of Antietam Creek and the rest of the Civil War†¦show more content†¦The Army of the Potomac was led by Major General George B. McClellan. The army was made up of six corps. The six corps included the first, the second, the fifth, the sixth, and the ninth corps, and one cavalry division. The First Corps was under the command of Major General George G. Meade. The Second Corps was under the command of Major General Edwin V. Sumner. The Fifth Corps was under the command of Major General Fite John Porter. The Sixth Corps was under the command of Major General William B. Franklin. The Ninth Corps was under the command of Major General Ambrose Burnside. There was also a Calvary Division which was led by Brigadier General Alfred Pleasonton. The Army of Northern Virginia was under the supreme command of General Robert E. Lee. This army was made up of a left wing, a right wing, a cavalry division, and an artillery division. The left wing was led by Major Thomas J. â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson, who famously died of being shot by one of his own men during the battle of Chancellorsville. The Right Wing was led by Major General James Longstreet. The Cavalry Divisi on was led by Major General J.E.B. Stewart, J.E.B. stood for James Ewell Brown. The Artillery Division was led by Brigadier General William N. Pendleton. This battle may not be the most famous battle in the Civil War or the most talked about battle, but every time someone mentions the Civil War the first thing that comes to my mind is the Army of the Potomac crossing Antietam Creek,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Battle of Antietam1561 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the Battle of Antietam that took place on September 17, 1862 in Sharpsburg, Maryland along the Antietam Creek. Known as â€Å"†¦the bloodiest single day in American History,† by the end of the day there would be approximately twenty-three thousand casualties of which forty-five hundred to six thousand were dead. The first topic of discussion will be on the history leading up to the morning of the seventeenth in order to establish the mindset of the commanders on both sides of the creek. After theRead MoreA Brief Note On The Battle Of Antietam1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Antietam started the morning of September 17, 1862 at 0600. Union troops of the First and Twelfth Corps made their way across Antietam Creek the day before in efforts to attack the left flank. From 0600 to 1000, the Union troops were with Confederates under Major General Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson. This engagement occurred in a 24-acre cornfield. These were the most deadly hours of the battle; over 8,000 casualties were killed at this time. As Union General Joseph Hooker later wroteRead MoreTaking a Look at Abraham Lincoln833 Words   |  3 PagesRegular Infantry. He was also a general in the Civil War. Even though Anderson’s illness put him in charge, Sherman’s apparently unreasonable requests for more men and supplies led to his removal. He redeemed himself with his courageous action at the Battle of Shiloh earning him the rank of major general. His act of bravery helped Lincoln win the war. â€Æ' Jefferson Davis Named after Thomas Jefferson, the President of the Confederate States of America, Davis was born February 19th, 1809, in Todd CountyRead MoreLee Lead The Army Of Northern Virginia1197 Words   |  5 PagesVirginia across to Potomac in Maryland in August of 1862. â€Å"Reasons for this invasion included taking pressure off the Shenandoah Valley-‘The Breadbasket of the Confederacy’-at harvest time; encouraging European support for Confederacy by winning a battle on northern soil; and demoralizing Northerners to reduce their support for the war while encouraging the salve holding state of Maryland to secede and join the Confederacy.† Lee daringly divided his own army and sent groups to capture objectives.Read MoreThe Civil War1055 Words   |  5 Pageswhat led to the start of the Civil War and what happened as soon as President Abraham Lincoln was elected to office. Then to add in the action the story line will tell about major battles of the war to include the bat tle of Bull Run, the seven days battle at Richmond, the second battle of Bull Run, and the battle at Antietam. Then comes the Emancipation Proclamation and what it brought about to the United States of America. So please sit back, relax, and enjoy the information this story has to offerRead MoreThe Battle Of Northern Virginia1504 Words   |  7 Pages22, 717 total casualties, the Battle of Antietam will go down as the bloodiest battle in American history, even surpassing Pearl Harbor and even to the surprise of many, D-Day. This battle was one of many in the Maryland campaign for the Confederacy, but this battle will cost the Confederacy many lives that will be of more significance to the Confederacy then the Union, as they have a larger population to pull troops from. The Battle of Antietam was fought in the city of Sharpsburg, Maryland in SeptemberRead MoreThe Civil War : The Battle Of Antietam969 Words   |  4 Pageswere many reasons why the battles were fought. During the Civ il War, the president was Abraham Lincoln. There were many reasons why the war was fought, but the main reason was to keep the country together. Before the war, the North and South had some conflicts. During the Civil War, the slavery was one issue why the war was fought too. There were many battles that were fought between the North and the South. Most of the battles were fought in the South. Among the battles of the Civil War, there wasRead MoreThe Battle Of Antietam And The Civil War985 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle of Antietam, or The Battle of Sharpsburg as the South would call it, took place on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek. This was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Union soil. The American Civil War was beginning its second year of combat. As the Confederate States of America came close to winning the war, independence was well on its way. At first the result of the battle was controversial, as it cou ld not be determinedRead MoreHesitation At Antietam : The Civil War1768 Words   |  8 PagesHesitation at Antietam: McClellan’s Stumble in the Civil War Introduction As the bloodiest single-day in American history, the battle of Antietam shifted Union confidence sufficiently enough to serve as an early turning point in the Civil War while simultaneously discouraging international support towards the Confederacy. On September 17, 1862, Major General George B. McClellan’s Army of the Potomac met General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at Antietam Creek in what would become oneRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War3503 Words   |  15 Pages Antietam A Change of Tides GROUP 1 SFC FUENTESCOLON SSG LUND SSG PATRUNO SSG WISNIOWSKI SENIOR LEADERS COURSE 13B40 CLASS 002-15 17 OCTOBER 2014 Outline Thesis: Despite the Confederate momentum going into Antietam, the battle would be the overall turning point of the Civil War. I. Introduction: Cause of the Civil War †¢ America before the Civil War †¢ America leading into the Civil War II. Union troops heading into Antietam †¢ Placement of forces for the battle †¢ Commanding officers during

Multinational enterprises and their CSR initiatives in Nigerian oil sector Free Essays

Abstract Nigeria is a country which is endowed with considerable energy reserves. The oil and gas reserves found are some of the largest in the entire world. Multinational companies have been involved in the exploration and transportation of crude oil and gas in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Multinational enterprises and their CSR initiatives in Nigerian oil sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Niger delta region is the main area where the country’s rich energy reserves are found. The conduct of multinational enterprises in the region has been criticized because of allegations that corruption, bribery, environmental mismanagement, environmental contamination, and human rights abuses are being perpetrated towards indigenous communities. As a consequence, multinational enterprises have engaged in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in order to create a better image while serving the needs of local communities. Introduction Nigeria is one of the leading producers of oil and gas in the world. It has oil reserves that are estimated to be around 35 billion barrels while it has 5 trillion cubic meters of gas reserves (Amaeshi et al, 2006: p. 67). Nigeria is a country that has more than 250 ethnic groups with over 500 languages being spoken in the country. Despite its huge energy reserves, the country remains poor with over two thirds of the people living in abject poverty. A total of six multinational organizations are operating in the Nigerian oil and gas sector. These companies are the Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron, Exxon-Mobil, Agip, Total, and Texaco. The Niger Delta region is the main area where the oil exploration and production is being carried out by foreign enterprises (Beauchamp, 2003: p. 92). These foreign enterprises have been criticized for failing to take adequate measures that can alleviate the poverty and suffering of indigenous communities. There have been accusations of corruption, mismanage ment, environmental degradation, oil spills, contaminated water, and other problems in the region. As a consequence, there have been attempts by multinational enterprises to implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in the region. However, the existing literature does not comment upon the different CSR practices of MNCs in Nigeria with respect to the local stakeholders and communities. This study will seek to investigate and assess the efficacy of the ethical practices by the multinational enterprises as they related to the empowerment and betterment of indigenous communities. Research Question The following research questions will be answered in this dissertation: What are the CSR strategies of multinational enterprises in Nigeria What are the practical implications of CSR as it relates to improving the standards of living for local communities Is CSR a genuine attempt to empower communities or is it a marketing strategy by multinationals Research Objectives To study the similarities and differences of the CSR initiatives implemented by multinational enterprises in Nigeria To determine the efficacy of CSR initiatives with respect to community empowerment and development To study whether multinational enterprises in the Nigerian oil sector are genuinely concerned about empowering communities or such initiatives are simply marketing tools to improver the image of multinational enterprises Literature Review Corporate social responsibility is a term used to denote the actions and policies implemented by business organizations that are in accordance with ethical and legal principles. The goal of organizations is to implement self-regulation and align it with the overall business model. The goal is to ensure that organizations can integrate ethics into their business model (Carroll, 2006: p. 76). A series of high profile business scandals in the past decades has meant that governments are now seeking to regulate the business environment through legislation that promotes transparency and accountability. Additionally, the customer segments are highly conscious about the business activities of enterprises because the latter must be able to demonstrate ethical behaviors in accordance with their actions. Alternatively, organizations are seeking to reduce the costs of complying with legislation by implementing CSR initiatives so that they can achieve efficiency and effectiveness. A number of theoretical approaches towards CSR have been developed in order to help organizations take responsibility for their actions while encouraging positive impact upon the environment, consumers, employees, and other key stakeholders. Corporate philanthropy is a CSR theoretical model which calls for providing monetary donations and aid to different communities. Such donations can come in specific areas like social welfare, environment, housing, health, and others (Carroll, 2006: p. 71). The limitations of such a model are that it does not address the root causes of poverty and other problems in local communities. Another theory is that CSR should be combined with the overall business strategy. This theory seeks to help local communities by recruiting locals and training them so that they can upgrade their skills. Enterprises create support for local industries through mutually beneficial relationships. Another theory focuses on creating shared value because it believes that social welfare is directly linked with business success. It recommends organizations to focus on sustainable development as well as a skilled workforce so that efficiency can be attained (Carroll, 2006: p. 79). There is still a gap in the existing literature as to whether CSR can really bring positive benefits to local communities and other key stakeholders. The Nigerian oil sector has been dominated by multinationals which have been accused of environmental degradation, corruption, human rights violations, and other abuses. As a consequence, they have sought to improve this by focusing on corporate social responsibility initiatives. Some studies argue that CSR is a process which involves organizations taking responsibility for their actions and ensuring that they can create a positive impact through their activities on th e environment (Blunt Richard, 2006: p. 169). Other studies have disputed this as they argue that organizations operate on the principle of profit maximization. Research Methodology Qualitative research has been selected for this dissertation because it helps to investigate the reasons behind any particular phenomenon. This is suitable for this dissertation because the aim is to study corporate social responsibility and its efficacy in Nigeria. Quantitative research has not been selected because there is no need for statistics and figures in this dissertation. The data will be collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data will be collected through a survey that will be sent to top managers of multinational companies working in the Nigerian energy sector. The secondary data will be collected through studies that focus on CSR and its efficacy. References Amaeshi, K, Adi, B, Ogbechie, C Amao, O. (2006) †Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria: Western Mimicry or Indigenous Influences?†. No. 39-2006, ICCSR Research Paper Series – ISSN 1479 – 5124, The University of Nottingham. Beauchamp, T. (2003) â€Å"Case studies in Business, Society and Ethics†. 5th ed†. Pearson, Prentice Hall. Blunt, P, Jones, M Richard , D. (2006) â€Å"Managing organizations in Africa†. Walter de Gruyter, pp.169-171. Carroll, A. (2006) â€Å"The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders†. Business Horizons, July-August 1991. How to cite Multinational enterprises and their CSR initiatives in Nigerian oil sector, Essay examples